Red Food Dye Erythrosine is Banned in the U.S., Restricted in Türkiye: Expert Warns About Synthetic Food Dyes
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gonca Bilge Özel, a faculty member at Yeditepe University’s Department of Food Engineering, evaluated the use of food dyes and their effects on health in Türkiye following the U.S. ban on Erythrosine (E127), a synthetic food dye. Highlighting the health risks associated with food dyes and Türkiye’s regulations, Dr. Özel stated:
"Debates continue regarding the negative health effects of certain synthetic dyes.” While some substances have been banned based on scientific research, others are subject to usage restrictions. However, inadequate inspections in unregulated production facilities and online sales pose risks for consumers.”
“The Purpose is to Restore the Original Color of Foods and Enhance Their Appeal”
Explaining the reasons for using food dyes, Dr. Özel said:
"During food processing and storage, color loss can occur. Particularly in heat-treated products, a faded appearance leads manufacturers to use food dyes to restore the original color and enhance the appeal of various food products. Color-enhancing additives are frequently used in products such as candies, cupcakes, and energy drinks.”
“They Are Classified as Synthetic and Natural”
Dr. Özel noted that food dyes are divided into two categories: synthetic and natural.
"While synthetic dyes are chemically produced, natural dyes are derived from fruit and vegetable extracts. According to the Turkish Food Codex, specific regulations define which food dyes can be used in which product groups and at what amounts."
“Erythrosine May Have Adverse Effects on the Thyroid and Is Suspected of Causing Cancer”’
Dr. Özel further explained:
"Erythrosine is a widely used and controversial food dye in the food industry. Due to its potential effects on health, Erythrosine (E127) is commonly used in the food industry to provide a red color. Studies suggest that this additive may have adverse effects on the thyroid and may be linked to cancer. As a result, it has been completely banned in the U.S. starting in January 2025 for use in food, vitamins, and cough syrups. In Türkiye, it is still permitted in limited amounts and specific products under the Turkish Food Codex. However, the lack of proper inspections in unregulated production facilities and online sales may pose risks to consumers."
“Titanium Dioxide and the Use of Food Dyes in Certain Fermented Products Are Banned in Türkiye”’
In discussing other banned food dyes in Türkiye, Dr. Özel stated:
"Another banned food dye in Türkiye is Titanium Dioxide, commonly used as a white colorant. As of 2024, its use has been completely prohibited. Additionally, food dyes are no longer permitted in fermented products such as *pastırma (cured beef) and sucuk (fermented sausage).”.
“Potential Links to Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit in Children”
Touching upon other controversial food dyes such as Ponceau 4R (E124) and Sunset Yellow (E110), Dr. Özel noted:
"These dyes are frequently used in confectionery and certain desserts. However, some scientific studies suggest that they may contribute to hyperactivity and attention deficit in children. Because of this, *products containing these dyes must include warning labels stating that they ‘may have adverse effects on children’s activity and attention’.”.
“They Can Also Cause Allergic Reactions and DNA Damage in Adults”
Dr. Özel emphasized that the health risks of synthetic food dyes are not limited to children:
"Certain artificial additives may cause allergic reactions, asthma attacks, thyroid issues, and even DNA damage in adults. Therefore, it is essential for consumers to develop a habit of reading ingredient labels and purchasing from regulated businesses."
“Consumers Should Prefer Reliable and Regulated Brands”
"Consumers can determine whether a food dye is natural or synthetic by checking the ingredient list and reviewing the food additive codes. However, labels do not indicate whether a product complies with legal limits. At this point, it is crucial to choose reliable and well-regulated brands.”